Izidingo zamapuleti asekelayo ashiselwe ngokweStandard
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisiwe zezakhiwo zensimbi, ifomu elihlangene lisebenzisa amapuleti asekelayo livame kakhulu.Ukusetshenziswa kwamapuleti asekelayo kungaxazulula izinkinga zokushisela ezindaweni eziqinile nezivaliwe futhi kunciphise ubunzima bemisebenzi yokushisela.Izinto ezivamile zokusekela ipuleti zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: insimbi esekelayo kanye ne-ceramic esekela.Yiqiniso, kwezinye izimo, izinto ezifana ne-flux zisetshenziswa njengokusekela.Lesi sihloko sichaza izinto ezidinga ukunakwa lapho usebenzisa ama-gaskets ensimbi nama-ceramic gaskets.
Izinga Likazwelonke—–GB 50661
Isigaba somthetho 7.8.1 sika-GB50661 sibeka ukuthi amandla esivuno sepuleti elisekelayo elisetshenzisiwe akumele libe likhulu kunamandla okuzisholo ensimbi okufanele ishiselwe, futhi ukushisela kufanele kufane.
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isigatshana 6.2.8 sibeka ukuthi amabhodi asekelayo ezinto ezahlukene angeke athathelwe indawo elinye.(Amalayini ensimbi namalayini e-ceramic awazona esikhundleni somunye nomunye).
I-European Standard—–EN1090-2
Isigaba somthetho 7.5.9.2 se-EN1090-2 sibeka ukuthi uma usebenzisa i-backing yensimbi, okulingana nekhabhoni kudingeka ukuthi kube ngaphansi kuka-0.43%, noma into ene-weldability ephakeme kakhulu njengensimbi eyisisekelo okufanele ishiselwe.
I-American Standard—-AWS D 1.1
Insimbi esetshenziselwa ipuleti lokusekela kufanele kube yinoma yiziphi izinsimbi kuThebula 3.1 noma Ithebula 4.9, uma ingekho ohlwini, ngaphandle kokuthi insimbi enamandla amancane esivuno angu-690Mpa isetshenziswa njengepuleti lokusekela okufanele lisetshenziswe kuphela ukushisela. yensimbi enamandla okukhiqiza okungenani angu-690Mpa, kumele kube yinsimbi ehloliwe.Onjiniyela kufanele baqaphele ukuthi ibhodi elisekela elijwayelekile elithengwe eChina yi-Q235B.Uma izinto eziyisisekelo ngesikhathi sokuhlola ziyi-Q345B, futhi ibhodi elisekelayo ngokuvamile lithathelwa indawo impande ehlanzekile, impahla yebhodi elisekelayo i-Q235B lapho ulungiselela i-WPS.Kulokhu, i-Q235B ayizange ihlolwe, ngakho le-WPS ayihambisani nemithethonqubo.
Ukuhunyushwa kokumbozwa kokuhlolwa kwe-EN standard welder
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani lamaphrojekthi esakhiwo sensimbi akhiqizwa futhi ashiselwa ngokwezinga le-EN liyakhula, ukuze isidingo sabashiseli bezinga le-EN siyanda.Kodwa-ke, abakhiqizi abaningi besakhiwo sensimbi abacacisi ikakhulukazi mayelana nokufakwa kokuhlolwa kwe-EN welder, okuholela ekuhlolweni okwengeziwe.Ziningi izivivinyo ezigejiwe.Lokhu kuzothinta inqubekelaphambili yephrojekthi, futhi lapho i-weld izoshiselwa kutholakale ukuthi lowo oshisela akakufanelekeli ukushisela.
Lesi sihloko sethula kafushane ukufakwa kokuhlolwa kwe-welder, ngethemba lokuletha usizo emsebenzini wawo wonke umuntu.
1. Izilinganiso Zokwenziwa Kwesivivinyo Se-Welder
a) Welding manual kanye ne-semi-automatic: EN 9606-1 (Ukwakhiwa kwensimbi)
Ochungechungeni lwe-EN9606 luhlukaniswe izingxenye ezi-5.1-insimbi 2-aluminium 3-ithusi 4-nickel 5-zirconium
b) Umshini wokushisela: EN 14732
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zokushisela kubhekiselwa ku-ISO 857-1
2. Ukwaziswa Okubalulekile
Ukuze kufakwe isisekelo sensimbi, akukho mthethonqubo ocacile kuzinga, kodwa kunemithethonqubo yokumboza yezinto ezisetshenziswayo zokushisela.
Ngala mathebula amabili angenhla, ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zokushisela kanye nokufakwa phakathi kweqembu ngalinye kungacaca.
I-Electrode Welding (111) Ukufakwa
Ukumbozwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezintambo
3. Ukujiya kwensimbi okuyisisekelo kanye nokumbozwa kobubanzi bepayipi
Ukufakwa Kwesifanekiso Sokudokha
I-Fillet Weld Coverage
I-Steel Pipe Diameter Coverage
4. Welding isikhundla Ukusabalala
Ukufakwa Kwesifanekiso Sokudokha
I-Fillet Weld Coverage
5. Ukufakwa kwefomu le-Node
Ipuleti lokusekela elishiselwe kanye ne-weld yokuhlanza impande ingamboza omunye nomunye, ngakho-ke ukuze kuncishiswe ubunzima bokuhlolwa, ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlola okushiselwe yi-backing plate ngokuvamile kukhethiwe.
6. Isendlalelo se-Weld
Amashisela anezingqimba eziningi angathatha indawo yokushisela ongqimba olulodwa, kodwa hhayi ngokuphambene.
7. Amanye Amanothi
a) Ukushisela izinqe kanye nokushisela kwe-fillet akushintsheki.
b) Ijoyinti lezinqe lingakwazi ukumboza amapayipi egatsha okushisela nge-engeli efakiwe enkulu noma elingana no-60°, futhi ukuvala kukhawulelwe kwipayipi legatsha.
Ububanzi bangaphandle buyobusa, kodwa ukujiya kodonga kuzochazwa ngokuya ngobubanzi bokuqina kodonga.
c) Amapayipi ensimbi anobubanzi obungaphandle obungaphezu kwama-25mm angambozwa ngamapuleti ensimbi.
d) Amapuleti angavala amapayipi ensimbi ngobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-500mm.
e) Ipuleti lingambozwa ngamapayipi ensimbi anobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-75mm esimweni sokujikeleza, kodwa indawo yokushisela
Endaweni ye-PA, PB, PC, PD.
8. Ukuhlola
Ukuze ubukeke kanye nokuhlolwa okukhulu, ihlolwe ngokwezinga le-EN5817 B, kodwa ikhodi ithi 501, 502, 503, 504, 5214, ngokwezinga le-C.
isithombe
EN Izimfuneko Zokushisela Ulayini Ophambanayo Ojwayelekile
Kumaphrojekthi anezinhlobo eziningi zamapayipi ensimbi noma izinsimbi zesikwele, izidingo zokushisela zemigqa ephambanayo ziphakeme kakhulu.Ngoba uma umklamo udinga ukungena okugcwele, akulula ukwengeza ipuleti ye-liner ngaphakathi kwepayipi eqondile, futhi ngenxa yomehluko ekujikelezeni kwepayipi yensimbi, umugqa onqamule we-intersecting awukwazi ukufaneleka ngokuphelele, okuholela ekulungiseni ngesandla Landelela.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-angle phakathi kwepayipi eyinhloko kanye nepayipi yegatsha incane kakhulu, futhi indawo yezimpande ayikwazi ukungena.
Kulezi zimo ezintathu ezingenhla, izixazululo ezilandelayo ziyanconywa:
I-1) Alikho ipuleti elisekelayo le-weld ye-intersecting line, elilingana nokungena okugcwele kwe-weld ohlangothini olulodwa.Kunconywa ukushisela endaweni yehora lokuqala futhi usebenzise indlela eqinile yokuvikela igesi yokushisela.Igebe lokushisela liyi-2-4mm, elingakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukungena kuphela, kodwa futhi livimbele ukushisela.
I-2) Umugqa onqamulayo awufanelekile ngemuva kokusika.Le nkinga ingalungiswa ngesandla kuphela ngemuva kokusikwa komshini.Uma kunesidingo, iphepha lephethini lingasetshenziswa ukudweba umugqa wokusika umugqa ophambanayo ngaphandle kwepayipi legatsha, bese usika ngokuqondile ngesandla.
3) Inkinga yokuthi i-engeli phakathi kwepayipi elikhulu nepayipi legatsha lincane kakhulu ukuthi lingashiselwa ichazwe ku-Appendix E ye-EN1090-2.Kumashisela emigqa ephambanayo, ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezi-3: uzwane, indawo yoguquko, impande.Inzwane kanye nendawo yokushintsha ingcolile esimweni sokushisela okubi, impande kuphela enalesi simo.Lapho ibanga eliphakathi kwepayipi elikhulu kanye nepayipi legatsha lingaphansi kuka-60 °, i-weld yezimpande ingaba i-fillet weld.
Nokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo ka-A, B, C, no-D emfanekisweni akuvezwanga ngokucacile ezingeni.Kunconywa ukuyichaza ngokusho kwesibalo esilandelayo:
Izindlela zokusika ezivamile kanye nokuqhathanisa inqubo
Izindlela zokusika ezivamile ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa ukusika amalangabi, ukusika i-plasma, ukusika i-laser nokusika amanzi okucindezela okukhulu, njll. Indlela ngayinye yenqubo inezinzuzo zayo kanye nokubi.Lapho ucubungula imikhiqizo, indlela efanele yokusika kufanele ikhethwe ngokuya ngesimo esithile.
1. Ukusika i-Flame: Ngemva kokushisa kuqala ingxenye yokusika ye-workpiece ekushiseni okuvuthayo ngamandla okushisa elangabini legesi, ukugeleza kwe-oksijini okusika ngesivinini esiphezulu kuyafafazwa ukuze kushise futhi kukhulule ukushisa kokusika.
a) Izinzuzo: Ubukhulu bokusika bukhulu, izindleko ziphansi, futhi ukusebenza kahle kunezinzuzo ezisobala ngemuva kokuthi ukushuba kudlule ama-50mm.I-slope yesigaba incane (< 1 °), futhi izindleko zokunakekelwa ziphansi.
b) Ububi: ukusebenza kahle okuphansi (isivinini esingu-80 ~ 1000mm/min phakathi kogqinsi luka-100mm), isetshenziselwa kuphela ukusika insimbi yensimbi ekhabhoni ephansi, ayikwazi ukusika insimbi yensimbi engagqwali, insimbi engagqwali, njll., indawo enkulu ethinteke ekushiseni, ukuwohloka okukhulu kokuqina. amapuleti, umsebenzi onzima mkhulu.
2. Ukusika i-Plasma: indlela yokusika ngokusebenzisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ukuze kwakhiwe amandla ashisayo e-plasma arc.Lapho i-arc nezinto zishisa, kukhiqizwa ukushisa ukuze impahla ingashiswa ngokuqhubekayo nge-oxygen yokusika futhi ikhishwe umoya-mpilo wokusika ukuze wenze ukusikwa.
a) Izinzuzo: Ukusebenza kahle kokusika ngaphakathi kwe-6 ~ 20mm yikona okuphezulu kakhulu (isivinini ngu-1400 ~ 4000mm/min), futhi kungasika insimbi ye-carbon, insimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium, njll.
b) Ukungalungi: i-incision ibanzi, indawo ethintekile ukushisa inkulu (cishe i-0.25mm), ukuguqulwa kwe-workpiece kuyabonakala, ukusika kubonisa ukusonteka okukhulu nokuphenduka, futhi ukungcola kukhulu.
3. Ukusika i-Laser: indlela yenqubo lapho ugongolo lwe-laser olunamandla aphezulu lusetshenziselwa ukushisa kwendawo ukuze kuhwamuke ingxenye eshisayo yezinto ukuze kuzuzwe ukusika.
a) Izinzuzo: ububanzi bokusika obuncane, ukunemba okuphezulu (kufika ku-0.01mm), ubuhle obuhle bokusika indawo, isivinini sokusika (esifanele ukusika amashidi amancane), kanye nendawo encane ethintekile ukushisa.
b) Ukungalungi: izindleko eziphezulu zemishini, ezifanele ukusika ipuleti elincane, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kokusika kwepuleti eliwugqinsi kuncishisiwe.
4. Ukusika amanzi okucindezela okuphezulu: indlela yenqubo esebenzisa isivinini samanzi sokucindezela okuphezulu ukuze kuzuzwe ukusika.
a) Izinzuzo: ukunemba okuphezulu, kungasika noma iyiphi into, akukho ndawo ethintekile ukushisa, akukho ntuthu.
b) Ukungalungi: izindleko eziphezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphansi (isivinini esingu-150~300mm/min ngaphakathi kogqinsi luka-100mm), ifaneleka kuphela ukusika indiza, ayifanele ukusika izinhlangothi ezintathu.
Ingakanani i-diameter efanelekile yembobo yebhawodi engumzali futhi ingakanani ubukhulu obufanele be-gasket nosayizi odingekayo?
Ithebula 14-2 kuhlelo lwe-13 lwe-AISC Steel Building Handbook lixoxa ngosayizi omkhulu wembobo ngayinye yebhawodi kokubalulekile komzali.Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi osayizi bembobo abasohlwini lweThebula 14-2 bavumela ukuphambuka okuthile kwamabholithi ngesikhathi sokufakwa, futhi ukulungiswa kwensimbi okuyisisekelo kudinga ukunemba kakhudlwana noma ikholomu idinga ukufakwa ngokunembile kumugqa omaphakathi.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusika ilangabi kuvame ukudingeka ukuze ubambe lawa masayizi emigodi.Iwasha efanelekayo iyadingeka kubhawodi ngalinye.Njengoba lab’ osayizi bezimbobo becaciswa njengenani eliphakeme lamasayizi abo abafanele, osayizi bembobo abancane bangase bavame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlukaniswa okunembile kwamabhawodi.
Umhlahlandlela Wokuklama we-AISC 10, isigaba Sokufakwa Kwekholomu Yokusekela Uhlaka Lwensimbi Ephansi, ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi esidlule, sibeka amanani alandelayo ayireferensi ogqinsi nosayizi we-gasket: ubukhulu obuncane begasket kufanele bube ngu-1/3 ububanzi bebhawodi, futhi ubuncane be-gasket diameter (noma ubude nobubanzi bewasha engeyona eyindilinga) kufanele bube ngu-25.4mm (1 in.) bukhulu kunobubanzi bembobo.Lapho ibhawudi lidlulisa ukungezwani, usayizi wewasha kufanele ube mkhulu ngokwanele ukuze udlulisele ukungezwani kusisekelo sensimbi.Ngokuvamile, usayizi we-gasket ofanelekile unganqunywa ngokusho kobukhulu bepuleti yensimbi.
Ingabe ibhawudi lingashiselwa ngqo ensimbi eyisisekelo?
Uma impahla ye-bolt i-welldable, ingafakwa ensimbi eyisisekelo.Inhloso eyinhloko yokusebenzisa ihange ukunikeza ikholomu iphuzu elizinzile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwayo ngesikhathi sokufakwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhawodi asetshenziselwa ukuxhuma izakhiwo ezilayishwe ngokwezibalo ukumelana namandla asekelayo.Ukushisela ibhawodi esisekelweni sensimbi akufezi noma yiziphi izinjongo ezingenhla, kodwa kusiza ukunikeza ukumelana nokudonsa.
Ngenxa yokuthi usayizi wembobo yensimbi yesisekelo mkhulu kakhulu, induku yehange ayivamisile ukumiswa phakathi nendawo yembobo yensimbi eyisisekelo.Kulokhu, i-gasket yepuleti ewugqinsi (njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni) iyadingeka.Ukushisela ibhawudi ku-gasket kuhilela ukubonakala kwe-weld ye-fillet, njengobude be-weld obulingana nomjikelezo webhawodi [π(3.14) ophindwe kaningi kunobubanzi bebhawodi], lapho i-weld ikhiqiza amandla amancane uma kuqhathaniswa.Kodwa kuvunyelwe ukushisela ingxenye enentambo yebhawodi.Uma ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kwenzeka, imininingwane yesisekelo sekholomu ingashintshwa, kucatshangelwa "ipuleti elishiselwe" elibalwe esithombeni esingezansi.
Ingakanani i-diameter efanelekile yembobo yebhawodi engumzali futhi ingakanani ubukhulu obufanele be-gasket nosayizi odingekayo?
Ukubaluleka kwekhwalithi ye-tack welding
Ekukhiqizeni izakhiwo zensimbi, inqubo ye-welding, njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yayo yonke iphrojekthi, ithole ukunakwa okukhulu.Kodwa-ke, i-tack welding, njengesixhumanisi sokuqala senqubo yokushisela, ngokuvamile ayinakwa yizinkampani eziningi.Izizathu eziyinhloko yilezi:
I-1) Ukubeka i-welding kwenziwa kakhulu ngabahlanganisi.Ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono kanye nokwabiwa kwezinqubo, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi akuyona inqubo yokushisela.
I-2) I-tack welding seam ifihliwe ngaphansi kwe-welding seam yokugcina, futhi iziphambeko eziningi zimboziwe, ezingatholakali ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokugcina kwe-welding seam, engenawo umphumela kumphumela wokugcina wokuhlola.
▲ isondele kakhulu ekugcineni (iphutha)
Ingabe ama-tack welds abalulekile?Kuthinta kangakanani ukushisela okusemthethweni?Ekukhiqizeni, okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukucacisa indima yokubeka ama-welds: 1) Ukulungisa phakathi kwezingxenye zamapuleti 2) Ingakwazi ukuthwala isisindo sezingxenye zayo ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
Amazinga ahlukene adinga i-tack welding:
Ukuhlanganisa izidingo zezinga ngalinye le-tack welding, singabona ukuthi izinto zokushisela kanye nama-welders we-tack welding zifana ne-weld esemthethweni, okwanele ukubona ukubaluleka.
▲Okungenani u-20mm ukusuka ekugcineni (okulungile)
Ubude nobukhulu be-tack welding bunganqunywa ngokuhambisana nobukhulu bengxenye kanye nefomu lezingxenye, ngaphandle uma kunemikhawulo eqinile esilinganisweni, kodwa ubude nobukhulu be-tack welding kufanele bulinganise.Uma kukhulu kakhulu, kuzokwandisa ubunzima be-welder futhi kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi.Kuma-weld we-fillet, usayizi we-weld we-tack omkhulu ngokweqile uzothinta ngqo ukubukeka kwe-weld yokugcina, futhi kulula ukuvela njenge-wavy.Uma incane kakhulu, kulula ukwenza ukuthi i-tack weld iqhekeke ngesikhathi senqubo yokudlulisa noma uma uhlangothi olungemuva lwe-tack weld lushiselwe.Kulokhu, i-tack weld kufanele isuswe ngokuphelele.
▲ Tack welding crack (iphutha)
Ukuze uthole i-weld yokugcina edinga i-UT noma i-RT, amaphutha wokushisela i-tack angatholakala, kodwa kuma-welds we-fillet noma ama-welds okungena kancane, ama-welds akudingekile ukuthi ahlolwe ukukhubazeka kwangaphakathi, ukukhubazeka kwe-tack welding ""Ibhomu lesikhathi. ”, okungenzeka ukuthi iqhume noma nini, ibangele izinkinga njengokuqhekeka kwama-welds.
Iyini inhloso yokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post weld?
Kunezinhloso ezintathu zokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld: ukuqeda i-hydrogen, ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwe-welding, ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo se-weld nokusebenza okuphelele.Ukwelashwa kwe-post-weld dehydrogenation kubhekisela ekushiseni okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa okwenziwa ngemva kokuba ukushisela sekuqediwe futhi ukushisela akukakapholiswa kube ngaphansi kuka-100 °C.Incazelo evamile ukushisa ku-200 ~ 350 ℃ futhi uyigcine amahora angu-2-6.Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokwelashwa kwe-post-weld hydrogen ukuqedwa ukusheshisa ukuphuma kwe-hydrogen endaweni ethinteke kakhulu ekushiseleni nasekushiseni, okusebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu ekuvimbeleni imifantu yokushisela ngesikhathi sokushiselwa kwezinsimbi ezine-alloy ephansi.
Phakathi nenqubo ye-welding, ngenxa yokungafani kokushisa nokupholisa, kanye nokuvinjelwa noma ukuvinjelwa kwangaphandle kwengxenye ngokwayo, ukucindezeleka kwe-welding kuyohlale kukhiqizwa engxenyeni ngemva kokuqedwa komsebenzi we-welding.Ukuba khona kokucindezeleka kwe-welding engxenyeni kuzonciphisa amandla okuthwala wangempela wendawo ehlangene ehlanganisiwe, kubangele ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, futhi kuholele ekulimaleni kwengxenye ezimweni ezinzima.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa kokunciphisa ingcindezi kungukunciphisa amandla okukhiqiza we-workpiece eshiselwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuphumuza ingcindezi yokushisela.Kunezindlela ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa: enye i-temperature ephezulu yokushisa, okungukuthi, yonke i-weldment ifakwa esithandweni sokushisa, ishise kancane kancane ibe yizinga lokushisa elithile, bese igcinwa isikhathi esithile, futhi ekugcineni ipholiswe emoyeni noma esithandweni.Ngale ndlela, i-80% -90% yengcindezi yokushisela ingaqedwa.Enye indlela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lendawo, okungukuthi, ukushisa i-weld kanye nendawo ezungezile kuphela, bese ipholisa kancane kancane, inciphisa inani eliphakeme lokucindezeleka kokushisela, okwenza ukusabalalisa kokucindezeleka kube flat, futhi kuqede ingxenye yokucindezeleka kokushisela.
Ngemuva kokuba ezinye izinto zensimbi ye-alloy zihlanganiswe, amalunga abo ahlanganisiwe azoba nesakhiwo esiqinile, esizowohloka izakhiwo zemishini yezinto.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sakhiwo esiqinile singase siholele ekubhujisweni kwesihlanganisi ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezeleka kwe-welding kanye ne-hydrogen.Ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa, ukwakheka kwe-metallographic yejoyinti kuyathuthukiswa, ipulasitiki kanye nokuqina kwejoyinti elishiselwe kuyathuthukiswa, futhi izici ezibanzi zemishini yokuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe ziyathuthukiswa.
Ingabe umonakalo we-arc kanye nama-welds esikhashana ancibilikisiwe abe ama-welds ahlala njalo adinga ukususwa?
Ezakhiweni ezilayishwe ngokwezibalo, umonakalo we-arcing awudingi ukususwa ngaphandle uma imibhalo yenkontileka idinga ukuthi isuswe.Kodwa-ke, ezakhiweni eziguquguqukayo, i-arcing ingabangela ukugxila kokucindezeleka ngokweqile, okuzobhubhisa ukuqina kwesakhiwo esiguquguqukayo, ngakho-ke ingaphezulu lesakhiwo kufanele libe phansi futhi imifantu ebusweni besakhiwo kufanele ihlolwe ngokubonakalayo.Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngale ngxoxo, sicela ubheke Isigaba 5.29 se-AWS D1.1:2015.
Ezimweni eziningi, amajoyinti esikhashana kuma-tack welds angafakwa kuma welds unomphela.Ngokuvamile, ezakhiweni ezilayishwe ngokwezibalo, kuvunyelwe ukugcina lawo ma-tack weld angakwazi ukufakwa ngaphandle uma imibhalo yenkontileka idinga ukuthi asuswe.Ezakhiweni ezilayishwe ngamandla, ama-weld we-tack wesikhashana kufanele asuswe.Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngale ngxoxo, sicela ubheke Isigaba 5.18 se-AWS D1.1:2015.
[1] Izakhiwo ezilayishwe ngokungaguquki zibonakala ngokusebenza nokuhamba kancane kakhulu, okuyinto evamile ezakhiweni
[2] Isakhiwo esilayishwe ngamandla sisho inqubo yokufaka kanye/noma ukuhamba ngesivinini esithile, esingeke sathathwa njengesimile futhi esidinga ukucatshangelwa kokukhathala kwensimbi, okuvamile ezakhiweni zamabhuloho nama-crane rails.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha ze-welding ebusika preheating
Ubusika obubandayo bufikile, futhi buphinde bubeke phambili izidingo eziphakeme zokushisisa kwe-welding.Izinga lokushisa langaphambi kokushisa livame ukukalwa ngaphambi kwe-soldering, futhi ukugcinwa kwalokhu kushisa okuncane phakathi ne-soldering ngokuvamile akunakwa.Ebusika, isivinini sokupholisa se-weld joint siyashesha.Uma ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa elincane enqubweni yokushisela kunganakwa, kuzoletha izingozi ezinkulu ezifihliwe kukhwalithi yokushisela.
Imifantu ebandayo iyona eningi futhi eyingozi kakhulu phakathi kweziphambeko zokushisela ebusika.Izici ezintathu eziyinhloko zokwakheka kwemifantu ebandayo yilezi: izinto eziqinile (insimbi eyisisekelo), i-hydrogen, nezinga lokuzibamba.Ngensimbi evamile yesakhiwo, isizathu sokuqina kwezinto ezibonakalayo ukuthi izinga lokupholisa lishesha kakhulu, ngakho ukwandisa izinga lokushisa langaphambi kokushisa nokugcina lokhu kushisa kungaxazulula le nkinga kahle.
Ekwakhiweni okuvamile kwasebusika, izinga lokushisa langaphambi kokushisa liphezulu ngo-20℃-50℃ ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elivamile.Ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekushiseni kwe-welding yokubeka ipuleti eliwugqinsi kuphakeme kancane kunaleyo ye-weld esemthethweni.Nge-electroslag welding, i-arc welding engaphansi kwamanzi kanye nokunye okokufaka ukushisa Izindlela zokunamathisela eziphezulu zingafana namazinga okushisa avamile okushisa.Ezingxenyeni ezinde (ngokuvamile ezinkulu kune-10m), akunconywa ukukhipha imishini yokushisa (i-tube yokushisa noma ishidi lokushisa kagesi) ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela ukuvimbela isimo "sokuphela kwesinye sishisa kanti esinye sibanda".Endabeni yokusebenza kwangaphandle, ngemva kokuqedwa kwe-welding, ukugcinwa kokushisa kanye nezinyathelo zokupholisa kancane kufanele zithathwe endaweni yokushisela.
Amashubhu okushisa ashisayo (amalungu amade)
Kunconywa ukusebenzisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokushisela i-hydrogen ebusika.Ngokuvumelana ne AWS, EN kanye nezinye izindinganiso, izinga lokushisa preheating of low-hydrogen welding consumables kungaba ngaphansi kunaleyo welding jikelele consumables.Naka ukwakheka kokulandelana kwe-welding.Ukulandelana kwe-welding enengqondo kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuvinjelwa kokushisela.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengonjiniyela we-welding, futhi kuyisibopho nesibopho sokubuyekeza amalunga e-welding emidwebeni engase ibangele ukuvinjelwa okukhulu, futhi axhumanise nomklami ukushintsha ifomu elihlangene.
Ngemuva kokuhlanganisa, kufanele kukhishwe nini ama-solder pads namapuleti e-pinout?
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho be-geometrical bokuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe, ngemva kokuphothulwa kwe-welding, ipuleti eliphuma phambili emaphethelweni engxenye lingadinga ukunqunywa.Umsebenzi we-lead-out plate ukuqinisekisa usayizi ojwayelekile we-weld kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kwenqubo yokushisela;kodwa inqubo engenhla idinga ukulandelwa.Njengoba kucacisiwe eSigabeni 5.10 no-5.30 se-AWS D1.1 2015. Uma kudingekile ukususa amathuluzi asizayo we-welding njengama-welding pads noma amapuleti aphumayo, ukwelashwa kwendawo yokushisela idinga ukwenziwa ngokuya ngezidingo ezifanele ukulungiselela pre-welding.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwango-1994 eNorth Ridge kwaholela ekucekeleni phansi kwesakhiwo sokuxhuma esishiselwe “se-beam-column-section,” sidonsela ukunaka nengxoxo ngemininingwane yokushisela nokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nesisekelo salokho izimo ezintsha ezijwayelekile ezasungulwa.Izinhlinzeko zokuzamazama komhlaba kuhlelo lwango-2010 lwezinga le-AISC kanye Nesengezo No. 1 esihambisanayo zifaka izidingo ezicacile mayelana nalokhu, okungukuthi, noma nini lapho kubandakanyeka amaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela bokuzamazama komhlaba, ama-welding pads kanye namapuleti aphumayo kudingeka asuswe ngemva kokushisela. .Kukhona okuhlukile, nokho, lapho ukusebenza okugcinwe ingxenye ehloliwe kusafakazela ukuthi kwamukelekile ngokuphatha ngaphandle kwalokhu okungenhla.
Ukuthuthukisa Ikhwalithi Yokusika - Okucatshangwayo Ekuhleleni nasekulawuleni Inqubo
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokusika izingxenye.Kunezici eziningi ezithinta ukusika, okuhlanganisa imingcele yokusika, uhlobo kanye nekhwalithi yegesi esetshenzisiwe, ikhono lobuchwepheshe lomqhubi we-workshop, nokuqonda kwemishini yokusika imishini.
(1) Ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwe-AutoCAD ukudweba ingxenye yehluzo kuyisidingo esibalulekile sekhwalithi yezingxenye zokusika;Abasebenzi be-nesting typesetting bahlanganisa izinhlelo zezingxenye zokusika ze-CNC ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nezidingo zengxenye yemidwebo, futhi izinyathelo ezifanele kufanele zithathwe lapho kuhlelwa ezinye izingxenye ze-flange nezingxenye ezincane: Isinxephezelo esithambile, inqubo ekhethekile (i-co-edge, ukusika okuqhubekayo), njll., ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu bezingxenye ngemuva kokusika budlula ukuhlolwa.
(2) Lapho usika izingxenye ezinkulu, ngenxa yokuthi ikholomu emaphakathi (i-conical, cylindrical, web, cover) esitakini esiyindilinga inkulu ngokuqhathaniswa, kunconywa ukuthi abahleli bohlelo benze ukucubungula okukhethekile ngesikhathi sohlelo, ukuxhuma okuncane (ukwandisa ama-breakpoints) , okungukuthi , setha iphuzu lesikhashana elingasikiwe elihambisanayo (5mm) ohlangothini olufanayo lwengxenye ezosikwa.Lawa maphuzu axhunywe ne-steel plate ngesikhathi senqubo yokusika, futhi izingxenye zibanjwe ukuvimbela ukugudluka kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-shrinkage.Ngemva kokuba ezinye izingxenye zisikiwe, la maphuzu ayasikwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubukhulu bezingxenye ezisikiwe abukhubazeki kalula.
Ukuqinisa ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokusika izingxenye kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezingxenye zokusika.Ngemuva kwenani elikhulu lokuhlaziywa kwedatha, izici ezithinta ikhwalithi yokusika zimi kanje: opharetha, ukukhethwa kwemibhobho yokusika, ukulungiswa kwebanga phakathi kwama-nozzles okusika kanye nezinto zokusebenza, nokulungiswa kwejubane lokusika, kanye ne-perpendicularity phakathi kobuso bomshini. ipuleti lensimbi kanye nombhobho wokusika.
(1) Lapho usebenzisa umshini wokusika we-CNC ukusika izingxenye, umqhubi kufanele asike izingxenye ngokuvumelana nenqubo yokusika okungenalutho, futhi umqhubi kudingeka abe nolwazi lokuzihlola futhi akwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezingxenye ezifanelekayo nezingafaneleki okokuqala. ingxenye enqunywe yedwa, uma ingafaneleki Ilungile futhi ilungise ngesikhathi;bese ulithumela ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi, bese usayina ithikithi lokuqala elifanelekayo ngemva kokuphumelela ukuhlolwa;kuphela lapho ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezingxenye zokusika.
(2) Imodeli yombhobho wokusika kanye nebanga phakathi komlomo wokusika kanye nendawo yokusebenza konke kukhethwe ngokunengqondo ngokuvumelana nobukhulu bezingxenye zokusika.Uma imodeli yenozili yokusika ikhudlwana, ubukhulu bepuleti lensimbi ngokuvamile liyasikwa;futhi ibanga phakathi kwe-nozzle yokusika kanye ne-steel plate izothinteka uma ikude kakhulu noma iseduze kakhulu: kude kakhulu kuzobangela indawo yokushisa ibe nkulu kakhulu, futhi iphinde ikhulise ukuguqulwa kokushisa kwezingxenye;Uma incane kakhulu, i-nozzle yokusika izovinjelwa, okuholela ekulimazeni kwezingxenye zokugqoka;futhi ijubane lokusika lizoncishiswa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza nakho kuzoncishiswa.
(3) Ukulungiswa kwejubane lokusika kuhlobene nobukhulu be-workpiece kanye nozzle okhethiwe wokusika.Ngokuvamile, iyancipha ngokunyuka kokuqina.Uma isivinini sokusika sishesha kakhulu noma sihamba kancane, sizothinta ikhwalithi yechweba lokusika lengxenye;ijubane elizwakalayo lokusika lizokhiqiza umsindo ovela njalo lapho i-slag igeleza, futhi i-slag outlet kanye ne-nozzle yokusika ngokuyisisekelo kumugqa;isivinini sokusika esiphusile Izophinde ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokusika ukukhiqiza, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1.
(4) I-perpendicularity phakathi kwe-nozzle yokusika kanye nobuso bepuleti yensimbi yesikhulumi sokusika, uma i-nozzle yokusika kanye nobuso bepuleti yensimbi ingeyona i-perpendicular, kuzobangela ukuthi ingxenye yengxenye ithambekele, okuzothinta ukungalingani. usayizi wezingxenye ezingaphezulu neziphansi zengxenye, futhi ukunemba akunakuqinisekiswa.Izingozi;opharetha kufanele ahlole ukungena kwe-nozzle yokusika kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokusika.Uma ivinjiwe, ukugeleza komoya kuzobe kuthambekele, okubangela ukuthi i-nozzle yokusika kanye nobuso bepuleti yensimbi yokusika kungabi yi-perpendicular, futhi ubukhulu bezingxenye zokusika bube bungalungile.Njengo-opharetha, ithoshi lokusika kanye nombhobho wokusika kufanele kulungiswe futhi kulinganiswe ngaphambi kokusikwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ithoshi lokusika kanye nombhobho wokusika ku-perpendicular ebusweni bepuleti lensimbi lesiteji sokusika.
Umshini wokusika we-CNC wuhlelo lwedijithali olushayela ukunyakaza kwethuluzi lomshini.Lapho ithuluzi lomshini lihamba, ithuluzi lokusika elihlome ngokungahleliwe lisika izingxenye;ngakho-ke indlela yokuhlela yezingxenye ezisepuleti lensimbi idlala isici esinqumayo kwikhwalithi yokucubungula yezingxenye ezisikiwe.
(1) Ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokusika isidleke kusekelwe kumdwebo olungiselelwe wokuzalela, oguqulwa usuke endaweni yokuzalela kuye esimweni sokusika.Ngokusetha imingcele yenqubo, isiqondiso se-contour, indawo yokuqala ye-contours yangaphakathi nangaphandle, kanye nemigqa yokuhola kanye ne-lead out iyalungiswa.Ukuze ufinyelele indlela emfushane yokungenzi lutho, nciphisa ukuguquguquka okushisayo ngesikhathi sokusika, futhi uthuthukise ikhwalithi yokusika.
(2) Inqubo ekhethekile yokuthuthukisa ukuzalela isidleke isekelwe ohlakeni lwengxenye yomdwebo wesakhiwo, kanye nokuklama umzila wokusika ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zangempela ngokusebenza “okuchazayo”, njengokusika kwe-micro-joint okulwa nokuguquguquka, okuningi. -ingxenye yokusika okuqhubekayo, ukusika ibhuloho, njll., Ngokusebenzisa kahle, ukusika ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi kungathuthukiswa kangcono.
(3) Ukukhetha okunengqondo kwamapharamitha wenqubo nakho kubaluleke kakhulu.Khetha amapharamitha ahlukene okusika amapuleti ahlukene okujiya: njengokukhethwa kwemigqa yokuhola, ukukhethwa kwemigqa yokuhola, ibanga phakathi kwezingxenye, ibanga eliphakathi kwemiphetho yepuleti kanye nobukhulu bokuvulwa okugodliwe.Ithebula 2 liwukusika amapharamitha wogqinsi lwepuleti ngalinye.
Indima ebalulekile yokushisela igesi yokuvikela
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ngokushintsha nje ukwakheka kwegesi evikelayo, amathonya alandelayo ayi-5 abalulekile angenziwa enqubweni yokushisela:
(1) Thuthukisa izinga lokubeka izintambo zokushisela
Izingxube zegesi ezicebile nge-argon ngokuvamile ziholela ekusebenzeni okuphakeme kokukhiqiza kune-carbon dioxide ehlanzekile evamile.Okuqukethwe kwe-Argon kufanele kudlule u-85% ukuze kuzuzwe ushintsho lwe-jet.Yiqiniso, ukwandisa izinga lokubeka i-welding wire kudinga ukukhethwa kwemingcele ye-welding efanele.Umphumela we-welding ngokuvamile uwumphumela wokusebenzelana kwemingcele eminingi.Ukukhetha okungalungile kwamapharamitha wokushisela ngokuvamile kuzonciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-welding futhi kwandise umsebenzi wokukhipha i-slag ngemva kokushisela.
(2) Lawula i-spatter futhi unciphise ukuhlanzwa kwe-slag ngemva kokushisela
Amandla we-ionization aphansi we-argon akhulisa ukuzinza kwe-arc ngokunciphisa okuhambisanayo kwe-spatter.Ubuchwepheshe obusha bakamuva emithonjeni yamandla okushisela buye balawula i-spatter ku-CO2 welding, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, uma ingxube yegesi isetshenziswa, i-spatter ingancishiswa ngokwengeziwe futhi iwindi lepharamitha yokushisela linganwetshwa.
(3) Lawula ukwakheka kwe-weld futhi unciphise ukushisela ngokweqile
Ukushisela kwe-CO2 kuvame ukuphumela ngaphandle, okuholela ekushiseleni ngokweqile kanye nezindleko zokushisela.Ingxube yegesi ye-argon kulula ukulawula ukwakheka kwe-weld futhi igwema ukuchithwa kwentambo yokushisela.
(4) Khulisa isivinini sokushisela
Ngokusebenzisa ingxube yegesi ecebile nge-argon, i-spatter ihlala ilawulwa kahle kakhulu noma ngokunyuka kwamandla okushisela.Inzuzo lokhu okulethwa ukwanda kwejubane lokushisela, ikakhulukazi ukushisela okuzenzakalelayo, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
(5) Lawula intuthu yokushisela
Ngaphansi kwamapharamitha wokushisela okufanayo, ingxube ecebile nge-argon inciphisa kakhulu intuthu yokushisela uma iqhathaniswa ne-carbon dioxide.Uma kuqhathaniswa nokutshalwa kwezimali kumishini yehadiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe indawo yokusebenza yokushisela, ukusetshenziswa kwengxube yegesi ecebile nge-argon kuyinzuzo yokusiza yokunciphisa ukungcoliswa emthonjeni.
Njengamanje, ezimbonini eziningi, ingxube yegesi ye-argon isetshenziswe kabanzi, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zomhlambi, amabhizinisi amaningi asekhaya asebenzisa i-80% Ar + 20% CO2.Ezinhlelweni eziningi, le gesi evikelayo ayisebenzi kahle.Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha igesi ehamba phambili empeleni kuyindlela elula yokuthuthukisa izinga lokuphathwa komkhiqizo ebhizinisini lokushisela endleleni eya phambili.Umbandela obaluleke kakhulu wokukhetha igesi yokuvikela engcono kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zangempela zokushisela ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugeleza kwegesi okufanele kuyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokushisela, ukugeleza okukhulu kakhulu noma okuncane kakhulu akuhambisani nokushisela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-07-2022